Aiming at innovative medical textile applications, product enhancements on the fiber level are very effective, and multicomponent synthetic fibers are among the most promising developments. To combine functionalities in a single fiber, we develop bi- and tri-component fibers with various cross-sections and material combinations. As example, we developed a novel category of bi-component polymeric fibers with a liquid core. Spinning trials resulted in the continuous production of liquid filled fibers with 50 μm diameters, which are expected to open a new field of multilumen micro-catheter applications. Using bicomponent melt-spinning technology we developed highly flexible prototype polymer optical fibers (POFs) that fulfill the requirements of textile processes and that provide comfort during wear. One sensor principle uses embroidered fabrics of these novel POFs to build a wearable pulse oximeter, where two different wavelengths are used to determine the ratio of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. Another sensor principle is based on urethane/siloxane block copolymer POFs integrated into a textile structure. Due to the elasticity of these POFs, the fiber cross-section changes under pressure, out-coupling light, and resulting in a location-dependent, pressure-sensitive fabric. Our low-pressure plasma sputtering process yields metal coated fibers for the development of smart medical textiles that behave and perform like conventional textiles in terms of robustness, flexibility and haptics. Thin insulating polyurethane coatings have successfully been applied to qualify the fibers to be used as an interconnection platform for technology-driven medical clothing. Additional conductive PEDOT:PSS polymer coatings proved to be sensitive to external conditions, making the respective fibers ideal candidates for combined pressure and humidity sensors.